Review and Practice

UNIT 1  GIFTS OF YOUTHS                                              

Revision of Unit 1 : Gifts Of Youths

Grammar lesson : Gerund and Infinitive :

A) we use the infinitive with “to” after certain verbs such as : agree – ask – expect – manage – attempt – learn – promise – need – neglect – hope – plan – choose – decide – invite – forget – hope – offer – prepare – refuse – remember – seem – try and [advise – remind – teach – tell – show – train ] + question words and also we can use it after enough and too

B) we use the gerund with certain verbs like : admit – avoid – dislike – consider – enjoy – finish – regret – suggest – would you mind – practice – mind – prefer , we use it also after phrasal verbs : apologise for – think of – afraid of – keen on – fond of – crazy about …
we can use it after some expressions , for example : it’s not use – can’t stand – can’t resist – can’t help …etc

C) we use the infinitive without “to” after : help – modals: ( can – could – may – might – have to – ought to ..etc ) – needn’t – make

Exercises :     GERUND AND INFINITIVE  ” PRACTICE”

1) I greatly enjoyed (listen to) ……. the last song of Celine Dion
2) Most people in Morocco prefer (spend) Ramadan in their homes
3) Parents should (to support) …. their children
4) It’s sunny, so I needn’t (to take) … an umbrella
5) She can’t help (to cry) …. because she has a lot of problems
6) Although the mountain is very high, I manage (to climb) ….. it
7) I don’t feel like (to play) …. football today. I’m going to phone my friends to apologise for (not/be) …. able to come
8 ) She is too young (to get) …. married
9) Because he is impolite , I avoid ( to talk ) ….. to him
10) Would you mind (to wait) ….. for a few minutes ?

1.    You can’t stop me  w  what I want.

A  doing                             B  do
C  to do                             D  that I do

2.    I must go now. I promised  w  late.

A  not being                        B  not to be
C  to not be                        D  I wouldn’t be

3.    Do you want  w  with you or do you want to go alone?

A  me coming                      B  me to come
C  that I come                     D  that I will come

4.    I’m sure I locked the door. I clearly remember  w  it.

A  locking                           B  to lock
C  to have locked

5.    She tried to be serious but she couldn’t help  w .

A  laughing                         B to laugh
C  that she laughed

6.    I like  w  the kitchen as often as possible.

A  cleaning                          B clean
C  to clean                          D that I clean

7.    I’m tired.  I’d rather  w  out this evening, if you don’t mind.

A  not going                        B  not to go
C  don’t go                         D  not go

8.   ‘Shall I stay here?’     ‘I’d rather  w  with us.’

A  you come                       B  you to come
C  you came                       D  you would come

9.    Are you looking forward  w  Ann again?

A  seeing                            B  to see
C  to seeing

10.  When Jane came to Britain, she had to get used  w  on the left.

A  driving                           B  to driving
C  to drive

11.  I’m thinking  w  a house. Do you think that’s a good idea?

A  to buy                            B  of to buy
C  of buying

12.  I’m sure you’ll have no  w  the exam.

A  difficulty to pass              B  difficulties to pass
C  difficulties passing            D  difficulty  passing

13.  A friend of mine phoned  w  me to a party.

A  for invite                        B  to invite
C  for inviting                      D  for to invite

14.  Jim doesn’t speak very clearly.  w .

A  It is difficult to understand him    B  He is difficult to understand
C  He is difficult to understand him

15.  The path was icy, so we walked very carefully. We were afraid  w .

A  of falling                         B  from falling
C  to fall

16.  I didn’t hear you  w  in.  You must have been very quiet.

A  come                             B  to come
C  came

17.  w  a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.

A  Finding                                 B  After finding
C  Having found                    D  We found

18.                                         You shouldn’t  w  so hard.
A  working                           B  work
C  to work                           D  worked

19.                                         It’s late. I  w  now.
A  must to go                       B  have go
C  have to going                   D  have to go

20.                                         Tina has decided  w  her car.
A  sell                                 B  to sell
C  selling                             D  to selling

21.                                         I don’t mind  w  early.
A  get up                             B  to get up
C  getting up                        D  to getting up

22.                                         Do you like  w  early?
A  get up                             B  to get up
C  getting up                        D  to getting up

23.                                         Do you want  w  you some money?
A  me lend                          B  me lending
C  me to lend                       D  that I lend

24.                                         He’s very funny. He makes  w .
A me laugh                          B  me laughing
C me to laugh                      D  that I laugh

25.                                         Paula went to the shop  w  a newspaper.
A  for buy                            B  for to buy
C  for buying                        D  to buy
E  buy

Language Functions : Expressing Opinions, Agreement and Disagreement :

Expressions used to introduce opinions :
we use : from my angle of vision , as I see it , It seems to me that , concerning me , I think / believe / guess , as far as I’m concerned , according to me …etc
Expressions used for agreement : I agree with you , I entierly agree with you , you’re definitely/absolutely right , I share the same view
Expressions used for disagreement : I disagree with you , I’m sorry you’re wrong , I don’t think so , I’m afraid I totally disagree with you , Sorry to say it but you’re not right

Exercices :
1)What’s you position on these issues ? are you for or against and give a reason :

* Students electing teachers :
* Separate classes for gifted youngsters :
* Parents helping children decide on future careers :
* Parents selecting friends for their children :
* youth is a time to build you personality :
* youth is a time for entertainment and amusement :
* We should take our decisions individually and independently :
* It’s undemocratic to criticise a person’s individual tastes and styles

UNIT 2  HUMOUR 

Modals

Choose the appropriate answer. Sometimes more than one alternative is possible

1. w  to the cinema this evening, but I’m not sure.
A  I’ll go                  B  I’m going
C  I may go             D  I might go

2. w  here?’     ‘Yes, of course.’
A  Can I  sit             B  Do I sit
C  May I sit             D  Can I to sit

3. I’m having a party next week, but Paul and Jenny  w .
A  can’t come          B  can’t to come
C  can’t coming        D  couldn’t come

4. Before Anna came to Britain, she  w  understand much English.
A  can                     B  can’t
C  not                     D  couldn’t
E  doesn’t

5. I  w  walk home last night. There were no buses.
A  have to               B  had to
C  must                  D  must to
E  must have

6. You  w  go to the bank today. I can give you some money.
A  must                  B  mustn’t
C  must not             D  needn’t
E  don’t need to

7. It’s a good film. You  w  go and see it.
A  should to            B  ought to
C  ought                 D  should
E  need

8. What time  w  go to the dentist tomorrow?
A  you must            B  you have to
C  have you to         D  do you have to

Choose the appropriate answer. Sometimes more than one alternative is possible

1. The fire spread through the building quickly but everybody  w .

A  was able to escape     B  managed to escape
C  could escape

2. The phone is ringing. It  w  be Tim.

A  might                 B  can
C  could

3. Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You  w  with Barbara.

A can stay              B  could stay
C could have stayed

4. I’ve lost one of my gloves. I  w  it somewhere.

A  must drop          B  must have dropped
C  must be dropping D  must have been dropping

5. Take an umbrella with you when you go out. It  w  rain later.

A  may                   B  might
C  can                    D  could

6. What was wrong with you? Why  w  go to hospital?

A  had you to          B did you have to
C  must you

7. There’s plenty of time. You  w  hurry.

A  don’t have to      B mustn’t
C  needn’t

8. It was a great party last night. You  w  come. Why didn’t you?

A  must have          B  should have
C  ought to have      D  had to

9. Jane  w  a car.

A  suggested that I buy  B  suggested that I should buy
C  suggested me to buy

10.       I think all drivers  w  seat belts.

A  should wear        B  had better wear
C  had better to wear

11.       It’s late. It’s time  w  home.

A  we go                B  we must go
C  we should go        D  we went

UNIT 3 Formal, Informal and Non formal Education:

EXPRESSING PURPOSE

Structure

to + infinitive                     Souad goes jogging every morning to keep fit and healthy.

for + noun                          Akram met Mr. Johnson for an interview.

for + ……ing                     Posters and brochures are used for interviewing people to study.

in order to + infinitive          Adults go to literacy classes in order to learn how to read and write.

so that + modal                     He trains  very hard so that he can be ready for the next Olympic Games.

so as to + infinitive            She left home early so as to be on time for the interview.

We should all be scientifically literate so as to identify pseudo scientific claims.

Salma learnt Italian so as to get a better job.

Hicham likes to meet foreigners so as to practise his languages.

Journalists should be tactful so as not to offend readers.

They left home early in order not to miss the train.

Amina works very hard so as not to fail her exams.

I took off my shoes and walked upstairs so as not to wake my parents.

When I have a lot of homework, I sometimes do it immediately in order not to forget it.

He went out for a walk in order not to get sleepy.

Could you repeat the message slowly so that I can understand.

Other ways of expressing purpose:

An investigation is carried out for the purpose of determining the cause of the accident.

Research is being done with the aim of developing a cure to bird flu.

The association is raising money with the objective of building a street children center.

He went to the clinic with the intention of doing a general check-up.  

grammar:  ‘ tenses’

for more practice ,  do all the the given  exercises  to be corrected next week.

unit 4:  Sustainable Development:

sustain: maintain

sustainable: able to continue over a period of time.

vocabulary:

Sustainable:

(of economic development or energy sources) capable of being maintained at a steady level without exhausting natural resources or causing ecological damage

Development:

The process of growing or developing. Synonymous words include: evolution, progress, advance.
These nouns mean a progression from a simpler or lower to a more advanced, mature, or complex form or stage:
“the development of an idea into reality;” “the evolution of a plant from a seed;” “attempts made to foster social progress.”

Sustainable development:

A pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but in the indefinite future. It’s a development that “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

Despite his shyness Khalid seems to find it easy to sustain relationship with neighbours.

The Minister of finance think that the economy of Morocco will sustain its growth for the next few years.

That sort of diet is not sustainable over a long period of time.

As far as I am concerned, making wise use of national resources such as water and energy is very important.

Choose the right words:

ECOLOGY /ORGANISMS/ ENVIRONMENT/ RSOURCES /DEFORESTATION/ GENERATIONS

Man’s greed is threatening the……………………………..

The extensive abuse of natural………………………….. threatens the very existence of future………………..

One of the challenges that the world is facing is the issue of …………………. which is the result of cutting down trees without even thinking of replacing them.

The term……………………..refers to the study of the relationship between………………………… and their natural environment.

CAUSE AND EFFECT:

 

Examples

Smoking results in lung cancer.                (Cause → Effect)

Lung cancer results from smoking.          (Effect → Cause)

Careless driving leads to road accidents.

Road accidents are the result of careless driving.

Brain drain is due to the lack of opportunities in the home countries.

Schools are far from students. Consequently, absenteeism increases in rural areas.

One cause of underdevelopment is illiteracy.

One effect of illiteracy is large family size.

Due to drought and lack of public services, many people have left their villages to look for a better life in the cities.

As a consequence of this, cities have grown so large.

Educated women have fewer children because they plan their family well. As a result, they have better personal life and nutrition.

English Tenses Review

click on the picture to see the full size  

Writing

descriptive genre     The goal of this genre is to describe a person, place or thing in vivid detail.

expository genre     The goal of this genre is to give information such as an explanation or directions

narrative genre        The goal of this genre is to tell a story of an experience, event, or sequence of events while holding the reader’s interest.

persuasive genre     The goal of this genre is to give an opinion in an attempt to convince the reader that this point of view is valid or tries to persuade the reader to take a specific action.

poetry genre   Poetic writing is a written art form that helps the writer express an imaginative awareness and arranged to create a specific emotional response sometimes employing the use of repetition, meter, and rhyme.

technical genre    The goal of technical writing is to clearly communicate a select piece of information to a targeted reader or group of readers for a particular purpose in such a way that the subject can readily be understood. It is expository writing that requires a response from the reader.

Prepositions:

Adjective + preposition combinations:

 

pleased withcertain about

good at

satisfied with

clever at

serious about

optimistic about

fed up with

hopeless atuseless a

tbad at

famous fori

mpressed by

late for

ready for

nervous about

capable ofcovered in

frustrated with

interested in

lacking in

skilled at

responsible for

frightened of

sorry forworried about

afraid of

fond of

proud of

different from

dependent of

terrified of

keen onastonished at

accustomed to

allergic to

guilty of

angry with

compatible with

etc.

Verb + preposition combinations:

 

apologize forcomplain about

deal with

congratulate on

wait for

hear of / from

apply forobject to

succeed in

approve of

abide by

insist on

suffer fromagree with

disagree with

comply with

concentrate on

be / get used to

protect  (sb.) fromwarn (sb.) against / about

arrest  sb. For

attribute sth. to etc.

Examples:

Our neighbour’s daughter is excellent at all subjects. Her mother is proud of her.

My sister is really keen on playing the piano.

“Is there anything you’re allergic to?” The doctor asked the patient.

Most people living in rural areas are pessimistic about the future. They feel the situation is getting worse.

Jack was accused of stabbing his wife to death.

The pilot was held responsible for the aircraft crash. He insisted on landing in bad weather conditions.

When will you sit for the entrance examination to the faculty of medicine?

Sara is suffering from insomnia. She’d better see a doctor.

Some Japanese are used to eating raw fish.

Moroccan cuisine is famous for its delicious dishes.

The student apologized for coming late.

Nabil was angry with his sister because she damaged his camcorder.

Although the exam questions were a bit difficult, Ali succeeded in answering all of them.

Transitional words:

click on the picture

UNIT 5 /  WOMEN AND POWER

Expressions of concession and addition:

Although globalization has a positive impact on Moroccan women’s situation, there is still fear of losing local tradition.

Although it was raining, we went out.

Though the school is very far from her village, Fatima insists on attending all her lessons.

In spite of his wealth, Adil does not give alms to the poor.

In spite of the fact that he is wealthy, Adil does not give alms to the poor.

She gets higher marks despite studying in difficult conditions.

In spite of being illiterate, some women use the magazine’s pictures as resources for dressmaking.

In spite of the rain, we went out.

In spite of the fact that it was raining, we went out.

Despite spending much time at work, working women are able to perfectly manage their households.

It’s true that a lot of women and girls have access to education. Yet, their situation is far from perfect.

Along with being busy with his professional career, Rachid is a good father.

Fouad is not only good at volleyball but he is also a fantastic handball player.

Helen Keller was a woman of luminous intelligence, high ambition and great accomplishment. In addition, she devoted her life to helping others.

Moroccan women need education as well as health care.

LINK THE TWO SENTENCES WITH THE WORDS IN BRACKETS

Some Moroccan women are illiterate.  They benefit from pictures in magazines.(However)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Educated women have a big influence on society. They contribute to the welfare of their families. (Moreover)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Women have demonstrated considerable leadership in community. They also demonstrated considerable leadership in public office (as well as )

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

The school is far away. Zahra attends all afternoon classes.(Although)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

GRAMMAR   The Passive Voice:

TENSE

SUBJECT

VERB TO BE PAST PARTICIPLE

Present Simple

The UN document

are

translated

into six languages

Present Continuous

The article on sustainabledevelopment

is being

translated

into Korean

 

Past Simple

The proposal

was

discussed

by the UN members

yesterday

Past Continuous

This proposal

was being

discussed

when the TV crew arrived

Present Perfect

The date of the conference on sustainable development

has been

announced

 

Future

 

You

will be

invited

to participate in this conference

The Passive with modals          

The passive with models is formed as follows:
Subject +  (modal )+ be + Past Participle ………..

All literary books

should

 

 

returned

to the library before 1st July

The article

must

be

 

word-processed

now

The General Assembly

can

may

might

 

 

called

for an emergency session

Examples:

You must switch off the computer after use.

The computer must be switched off after use.

We could inform you about your visa application either by e-mail or phone.

You could be informed about your visa either by e-mail or by phone.

 

We can only process complete applications for admission.

Only complete applications can be processed for admission.

 

We speak Arabic in Morocco.

Arabic is spoken in Morocco.

 

The father drives his children to school every day.

The children are driven to school every day by the father.

 

Nadia decorated the bedroom beautifully.

The bedroom was decorated beautifully by Nadia.

 

The mechanic is repairing my brother’s car.

My brother’s car is being repaired by the mechanic.

 

They are building new schools in our village.

New schools are being built in our village.

practice:

My mother was cooking lunch when I got home yesterday.

Lunch………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

 

They have taken the injured man to the hospital.

The injured man ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

 

The maid had done the housework before we arrived.

The housework ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

You must keep medicines out of the reach of children.

Medicines ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

 

You must sign the visa application.

The visa application ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

 

You can fill it out in Arabic, too.

It ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

UNIT 6 / CULTURAL VALUES

GRAMMAR            PHRAZAL VERBS

Phrasal verbs

Definitions / Synonyms

call offbreak upput up withget on withlet somebody downrun out of somethingtake after

put on

put up

put off

put on

put out

give up

check in

look forward to

fill in

set up

turn down

put somebody up

cut down on

go on

get over

get rid of

look up

look after

pull down

figure out

go off

Cancelend a relationship with somebodytoleratehave a good relationship with sb.fail to help, disappointhave none leftlook like, resemble

get dressed in

increase, raise

postpone, delay

increase weight

extinguish

stop; abandon

register

long for, anticipate with pleasure

complete

establish, start

reject

give accommodation to

reduce

happen

recover from an illness

throw away

search for

take care of

demolish

understand

ring                                             

FOR MORE PHRAZAL VERBS, go back to  ””BAC PART 2””’

PRACTICE

FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH ONE OF THESE PHRAZAL VERBS 

                                  put up/run out of / Put on/put up with/getting on

. How are you ……………….. with your new neighbours? I hope they are as nice as the previous ones.

. The price of petrol has been………………. several times over the last two years.

. We can’t have lunch at home. We’ve ……………..gas. We’d rather go to a restaurant and have lunch there.

. I’m really thinking of moving to the country. I can’t………………….. the city noise any longer.

. ……………… your coat. It’s cold outside!

                             set up   / put off/ cut down on/ call off

. I’m sorry to be nuisance, but could we ……………….. our meeting until next week?

. The manager is off sick, so we need to …………………. all his appointments today.

. If you’d like to keep fit, ………………… fatty food and exercise three times a week.

“All country women who are willing to …………. their own businesses can now get loans from the bank.” said the social affaires minister in a recent interview.

put  up/ /  put on/  looking forward to/  going oncheck in

. On international flights, passengers need to ;……………..about two hours before departure.

. I’ve…………………. five kilos since last January. I ought to go on diet.

. I miss you a lot. I’m really……………………. seeing you soon.

. You needn’t stay at a hotel. We can …………you……….. for a few days. We’ve got a spare room. 

. Mr and Mrs Jones, our next door neighbours , are making too much noise. I wonder what’s ………….. over  

  there. Perhaps they’re arguing again.

                                            made up/ hang  up/give up/  Take off/  came across/

. “You’ll have to …………….. smoking, otherwise your cough will get worse.” said the doctor to the patient.

. ………………. your coat and ………… it ……….. in the wardrobe.

. I was rearranging my home library books when I ……………………. an old school report of mine.

. My brother is determined to emigrate somewhere. However, he hasn’t ……………… his mind which country to  go to.

UNIT 7 / CITIZENSHIP

GRAMMAR                         REPORTED SPEECH

Read this excerpt from Kofi Anna’s speech and notice the changes.

“Leadership is needed more than it was 60 years ago. In these days, the security of every one of us is linked to that of everyone else. Global solidarity is both necessary and possible. Powerful states have a special responsibility to take account of global views and interests. We can only do all these things by working together… We have achieved much since 1945, but much remains to be done tomorrow.”

—————————————————-

A spokesperson of the UN has reported K. Annan’s speech. Study and notice the changes.

Kofi Annan said that leadership was needed more than it had been 60 years before. He added that in those days, the security of every one of us was linked to that of everyone else. He stated that global solidarity was both necessary and possible. He also stressed that powerful states had a special responsibility to take account of global views and interests. He insisted that they could only do all these things by working together… Finally, he declared that they had achieved much since 1945, but much remainedto be done the day after.

“Citizenship includes civic virtues and duties,” the teacher always states.

The teacher always states that citizenship includes civic virtues and duties.

 More examples

“What is fairness? Some students ask the teacher.

Some students ask their teacher what fairness is.

“Always express your gratitude,” my mother often reminds me.

My mother often reminds me to always express my gratitude.

“How do you define a good citizen?”, Brahim asked his friend.

Brahim asked his friend how he defined a good citizen.

“Is civility similar to politeness?”, Brahim wonders.

Brahim wonders if civility is similar to politeness.

“Responsibility means being in charge of our choices and our lives.”

The quote states that responsibility means being in charge of our choices and our lives.

“What does fairness involve?”

Students ask their teacher what fairness involves.

Time and place words changes reporting statements or questions: Here are some changes that may to be made:

now         then

this          that

these      those

here        there

today     that day

yesterday        the day before

tonight              that night

tomorrow         the next day

next week        the following week

FOR MORE PRACTICE, DO THE  handout exercises

UNIT 8 / INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

The following acronyms stand for:

UN → the United Nations

UNESCO → The UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

UNICEF → The UN Children’s Emergency Fund

UNHCR → The UN high Commissioner for Refugees

WHO → World Health Organisation

FHO → Food and Agriculture Organisation

ICRC → International Committee of the Red Cross / Crescent

TI → Transparency International

AI → Amnesty International

WTO → World Trade Organisation

DWF → Doctors Without Frontiers

EXPRESSIONS    RESPONDING TO GOOD    AND BAD NEWS:      

RESPONDING TO GOOD NEWS

RESPONDING TO BAD NEWS

That’s great! / Congratulations! / That’s wonderful! /I’m glad to hear that/ Great news!/ Incredible!/ Superb!/ Sounds great! / Lucky you! / Oh, how wonderful! / Really? I can’t believe that! / Wow! That sounds exciting! / That’s fantastic! I’m awfully sorry that… / I’m sorry to hear that. /I hope there is nothing wrong. / I’m ever so sorry. /It’s such a frightening experience. / I’m sorry to hear such terrible news/ My goodness! / I can’t believe it!Poor you! / I’m awfully sorry to hear that. / I do sympathize with you. / Please, accept my deepest sympathy. / I know how you must be feeling. / that must be awful!

GRAMMAR( linking words)

a) addition: Also, again, furthermore, further, moreover, what is more, then, in addition, besides, above all, too, as well (as)
b) comparing: Equally, likewise, similarly, similar to, correspondingly, in the same way, in a like manner
c) summation: in coclusion, to conclude, to sum up, in brief, briefly, to summarise, altogether, overall, to make the long story long, for all that, all in all, all things considered, generally, on the whole
d) result: so, therefore, as a result, as a consequence, accordingly, consequently, now, then, because of this, thus, hence, for this reason, due to, owing to, that implies
e) contrast: however, nevertheless, only, still, while, (al)though, yet, in any case, is spite of, despite that, after all, on the other hand, even if, unlike, different from, in contrast, conversely, (on the) conterary, instead
f) explanation: in other words, such as, to clarify, for instance, to explain, to ilustrate, for example, to put it (more) simply
g) giving opinion: in my opinion, to/from my way of thinking, in my view, to me, I believe, I think, I agree, I guess, I hope, I imagine, I suppose, seemingly, possibly, perhaps, maybe, probably, certainly, almost, doubtless, definitely, it seems to me that, it appears that, to my mind

EXAMPLES

Due to and owing to must be followed by a noun.

“Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by 1.25%.”

“Owing to the demand, we are unable to supply all items within 2 weeks.”

If you want to follow these words with a clause (a subject, verb and object), you must follow the words with the fact that.

“Due to the fact that oil prices have risen, the inflation rate has gone up by 1%25.”

“Owing to the fact that the workers have gone on strike, the company has been unable to fulfil all its orders.”

Because / because of

Because of is followed by a noun.

“Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed.”

Because can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. For example, “Because it was raining, the match was postponed.”

“We believe in incentive schemes, because we want our employees to be more productive.”

Since / as

Since and as mean because.

“Since the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff.”

“As the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff.”

UNIT 9 / ADVANCES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

CERTAINTY AND UNCERTAINTY

EXPRESSIONS OF CERTAINTY

EXPRESSIONS OF UNCERTAINTY

 undoubtedly – crystal clear – no one can deny – won’t be – are sure – certainly – must be  may –could – might – unlikely – probably – I doubt if… – It’s improbable that…..-I think /guess    etc

EXAMPLES

When I leave school, I may go to a university of science or I can even get a job at a laboratory.

This must be the laboratory – there are instruments and products of scientific research.

I’ll probably come back to see the manager next week if I am free.

I think / guess they are going to offer me a job as I have the ideal profile.

They will certainly interview me about my past experience as they usually do.

I guess / think their wages are high and their technology is advanced.

I certainly will enjoy myself working in this laboratory; I am fond of science and technology.

Computers are likely to replace teachers in a few years’ time.

It’s positive that the problem of unemployment will be solved if drastic measures are taken.

I bet the rate of illiteracy in our country will decrease in the next decade.

We needn’t raise taxes. We have made a lot of money out of phosphates sales this year.

GRAMMAR  CONDITIONALS 

Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Present, Simple Future

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Past,  would +v(in  Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

Form: if + Past Perfect, would + have +v(in Past Participle)

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

  • EXERCISE.

  • Directions: Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses.
  • 1. If I (have)    …………….      enough money, I will go with you.( Conditional type 1)
  • 2. If I (have)    ……………      enough money, I would go with you.( Conditional type 2)
  • 3. If I (have)……………. enough money, I would have gone with you.( Conditional type 3)
  • 4. If the weather is nice tomorrow, we (go)………………… to the zoo.
  • 5. If the weather were nice today, we (go)………………. to the zoo.
  • 6. If the weather had been nice yesterday, we (go)…………… to the
  • 7. If Sally (be)………………… at home tomorrow, I am going to visit her.
  • 8. Jim isn’t home right now. If he (be)…………… at home right now, I …………………(visit)
  • him.
  • 9. Linda wasn’t at home yesterday. If she (be)……………… at home yesterday, I
  • (visit) her.
  • 10. A: Shh! Your father is taking a nap. Uh-oh. You woke him up.
  • B: Gee, I’m sorry, Mom. If I (realize)…………… he was sleeping, I
  • (make, not)…………… so much noise when I came in. But
  • how was I supposed to know?

Edited  on  06th  May, 2012

Remember this:

Strike while the iron is hot.

After the storm comes sunshine.

Patience is the key to relief.

Good luck my genius students.

One response to “Review and Practice

  1. maryam

    Thank you very much teacher

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